UNIT 1
Make or D0
Make: When you talk
about something you create.
Do: When we talk an action that mostly refer to the word "work".
Do: When we talk an action that mostly refer to the word "work".
Example :
1. To make a
journey
11. To do someone a favor
2. To do the
shopping
12. To make a bargain
3. To make the
beds
13. To do an examination
4. To make fun
of someone 14.
To make a complaint
5. To do an
exercise
15. To make progress
6. To do one's
best
16. To do the washing up
7. To make a
speech
17. To make money
8. To do a
good job
18. To make a reservation
9. To make a
mistake
19. To do harm to someone
10. To do the
homework
20. To make a decision
Present Perfect +
yet/already/just
Just: a
short time ago.
Already: before you expected
Yet: until now (negatives)
Already: before you expected
Yet: until now (negatives)
Example:
1. Don't come in
here with those muddy shoes!! I have just/already clean this floor!!!
2. Have you finished that composition for History class already? You only started an hour ago.
3. I don't want to see "Alien 9" at the cinema again. I've already seen it twice.
4. I'm sorry. You have just missed Katie. She left the office about three minutes ago!
5. Haven't you finished that composition for history class yet? You started over four hours ago!!
6. Oh, nothing for me, thank you. I've already/just eaten. I had dinner less than an hour ago.
7. You've finished your dinner already! You must have been starving!
8. "Have you called Jasmine to wish her luck for the exam today?""No, not yet. I'll do it now!"
9. Kathy knows all about pizza and pasta, don't you Kathy?You've just returned from a month in Umbria.
10. Yes, I know David. We have already been introduced. It was at a party last week.
2. Have you finished that composition for History class already? You only started an hour ago.
3. I don't want to see "Alien 9" at the cinema again. I've already seen it twice.
4. I'm sorry. You have just missed Katie. She left the office about three minutes ago!
5. Haven't you finished that composition for history class yet? You started over four hours ago!!
6. Oh, nothing for me, thank you. I've already/just eaten. I had dinner less than an hour ago.
7. You've finished your dinner already! You must have been starving!
8. "Have you called Jasmine to wish her luck for the exam today?""No, not yet. I'll do it now!"
9. Kathy knows all about pizza and pasta, don't you Kathy?You've just returned from a month in Umbria.
10. Yes, I know David. We have already been introduced. It was at a party last week.
Present Perfect
Progressive
Describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and
may continue in the future.
Example:
Present Perfect
simple or Present Perfect Progressive
-Tom: Hi Ana, I've been trying to ring you several times today. Where have you been?
-Ana: I have been at home all the time. But I have been cleaning the house all day, so maybe I didn't hear the phone ring.
-Tom: Have you cleaned everything now?
-Ana: No, no yet. I haven't tidied up the Kitchen yet. But why are you here?
-Tom: Don't you remember?Jane has invited us to her birthday party and we haven't bought a present for her yet.
-Ana: Oh!That's right. Have you already found out what she wants?
-Tom: Well, she has been learning Spanish for a year and wants to spend her next holiday in Mexico. Maybe we could get her a guide book.
-Ana: That's a good idea. There is a good bookshop in the big shopping center. I have (just) seen some nice books about Mexico there recently.
-Tom: Hi Ana, I've been trying to ring you several times today. Where have you been?
-Ana: I have been at home all the time. But I have been cleaning the house all day, so maybe I didn't hear the phone ring.
-Tom: Have you cleaned everything now?
-Ana: No, no yet. I haven't tidied up the Kitchen yet. But why are you here?
-Tom: Don't you remember?Jane has invited us to her birthday party and we haven't bought a present for her yet.
-Ana: Oh!That's right. Have you already found out what she wants?
-Tom: Well, she has been learning Spanish for a year and wants to spend her next holiday in Mexico. Maybe we could get her a guide book.
-Ana: That's a good idea. There is a good bookshop in the big shopping center. I have (just) seen some nice books about Mexico there recently.
UNIT 2-
Order of
Adjectives
1.Determiner
2.Opinion
3.Size
4.Height/Length
5.Shape/Weight
6.Color
7.Material
2.Opinion
3.Size
4.Height/Length
5.Shape/Weight
6.Color
7.Material
Example:
-A delicious small circular
green apple -An expensive medium-sized circular gold metal ring
Used to
We
use the expression "used to" to talk about things that were true in
the past, but are not true in the present.
Example:
Beaches
1. Beaches used
to be cleaner
2. People didn't
use to wear bikinis
3. Beaches didn't
use to have hotels
4. People didn't
use to wear sunscreen
5. They used
to sell popcorn
So/Too.....Either/Neither
We
use SO, TOO, EITHER and NEITHER to express similarity or to
show that you agree with the other's person opinion on something.
-Either/Neither
for negative sentences
-So/Too for
affirmative sentences
Example:
1. I can't speak
Japanese....I can't either
2. She works in an office....Me too
3. Tim used to walk to work....So did I
4. They haven't finished their homework...I haven't either
5. I can cook Italian food...So can I
6.We didn't like video games...Neither did I
7. My dad forgets everything...My dad too
8. I was class president in high school....So did I
9. I should study harder for the exam...Me too
10. I've traveled to Cancun several times...so did I
2. She works in an office....Me too
3. Tim used to walk to work....So did I
4. They haven't finished their homework...I haven't either
5. I can cook Italian food...So can I
6.We didn't like video games...Neither did I
7. My dad forgets everything...My dad too
8. I was class president in high school....So did I
9. I should study harder for the exam...Me too
10. I've traveled to Cancun several times...so did I
UNIT 3
The vs No article
The
-Uses before nouns of which there is only one.
-Uses before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second.
-Uses before name of seas, rivers, chains of mountains, groups of islands and plural names of countries.
-Uses before musical instruments
No article
-We do not use an article when we talk about plural nouns when we are talking generally.
-Uses before nouns of which there is only one.
-Uses before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second.
-Uses before name of seas, rivers, chains of mountains, groups of islands and plural names of countries.
-Uses before musical instruments
No article
-We do not use an article when we talk about plural nouns when we are talking generally.
Example:
1. How much money do you want?Give me - 10 dollars
2. I gave him the money that I found
3. She is the only person here that speaks Japanese
4. I live in - London
5. This kind of - weather make me happy
6. She brought the plant that is next to the window
7. What does he do? He sells - cars
8. I live on - Washington street
9. I drank the glass of milk on the table
10. Two of my classmates come from - Vietnam
2. I gave him the money that I found
3. She is the only person here that speaks Japanese
4. I live in - London
5. This kind of - weather make me happy
6. She brought the plant that is next to the window
7. What does he do? He sells - cars
8. I live on - Washington street
9. I drank the glass of milk on the table
10. Two of my classmates come from - Vietnam
Indirect questions
We use indirect questions when we want to make more polite
questions. They have an opening phrase before the main question. For yes/no
questions use if/whether after the opening phrases.
Example:
1. Where is the post office?...Could you tell
me where the post office is.
2. What does this word mean?...Do you know what this word means.
3. What time is it?...I wonder what time it is.
4. Where did you park your car?...Can't you remember where you parked your car.
5. Is Ann coming to the meeting?...I don't know if Ann is coming to the meeting.
6. Where does Jack live?...Do you have any idea where Jack lives.
7. What time did he leave?...Do you know what time he left.
8. Where can I change some money?...Could you tell me where I can change some money.
9. What qualifications do I need?...I want to know what qualifications I need
10. Why didn't Mary come to the party?...I don't know why Mary didn't come to the party.
11. How much does it cost to park here?...Do you know how much it costs to park here.
2. What does this word mean?...Do you know what this word means.
3. What time is it?...I wonder what time it is.
4. Where did you park your car?...Can't you remember where you parked your car.
5. Is Ann coming to the meeting?...I don't know if Ann is coming to the meeting.
6. Where does Jack live?...Do you have any idea where Jack lives.
7. What time did he leave?...Do you know what time he left.
8. Where can I change some money?...Could you tell me where I can change some money.
9. What qualifications do I need?...I want to know what qualifications I need
10. Why didn't Mary come to the party?...I don't know why Mary didn't come to the party.
11. How much does it cost to park here?...Do you know how much it costs to park here.
UNIT 4
Compound Nouns
Words can be
combined to form compound nouns. These are very common, and new combinations
are invented almost daily. They normally have 2 parts, the second part
identifies the object or person. The first part tell us what kind of object or
person it is.
One word or two words?
-Noun+noun-----bedroom, water tank, motorcycle, printer cartridge
-Noun+verb-----rainfall, haircut, hairdo
-Verb+noun-----washing machine, driving license, swimming pool
One word or two words?
-Noun+noun-----bedroom, water tank, motorcycle, printer cartridge
-Noun+verb-----rainfall, haircut, hairdo
-Verb+noun-----washing machine, driving license, swimming pool
Example 1:
-Bean+bag=beanbag
-Scare+crow=scarecrow
-Sun+flower=sunflower
-Scare+crow=scarecrow
-Sun+flower=sunflower
Example 2:
1. The place where you
sleep.....Bedroom
2. A popular American sport.....Baseball
3. Sushi is an example of this.....Seafood
4. A place to grow plants.....Greenhouse
5. A place to party!.....Nightclub
6. A thing you use to look after the stuff on top of your head.....Hairbrush
7. You might need one of this if you go traveling.....Guidebook
8. Chores like cleaning and tidying.....Housework
9. You need one of these to live!.....Heartbeat
10. You may read one on the way to work.....Newspaper
2. A popular American sport.....Baseball
3. Sushi is an example of this.....Seafood
4. A place to grow plants.....Greenhouse
5. A place to party!.....Nightclub
6. A thing you use to look after the stuff on top of your head.....Hairbrush
7. You might need one of this if you go traveling.....Guidebook
8. Chores like cleaning and tidying.....Housework
9. You need one of these to live!.....Heartbeat
10. You may read one on the way to work.....Newspaper
Have/Get
something done
This
construction is passive in meaning. It describe situations where we want
someone else to do something for us.
HAVE/GET+object+PAST PARTICIPLE
HAVE/GET+object+PAST PARTICIPLE
Example:
1.
1. You can get your camera fixed
2. You can have your photos printed
3. You can get some copies made
4. You can have your glasses adjusted
5. You can get your hair cut
6. You can have your garage cleaned
UNIT 5
2. You can have your photos printed
3. You can get some copies made
4. You can have your glasses adjusted
5. You can get your hair cut
6. You can have your garage cleaned
UNIT 5
Reported Speech
When we report someone's words we can do it in two ways: We
can use direct speech ("...") or we can use reported speech (He
said...).
Present Simple----------Past Simple
Present Continuous----------Past Continuous
Present Perfect---------Past Perfect
Past Simple----------Past Perfect
Will----------Would
Can----------Could
May----------Might
Must----------Had to
Here----------There
This----------That
These---------Those
Yesterday----------The day before/The previous day
Next Week---------The following week
Present Simple----------Past Simple
Present Continuous----------Past Continuous
Present Perfect---------Past Perfect
Past Simple----------Past Perfect
Will----------Would
Can----------Could
May----------Might
Must----------Had to
Here----------There
This----------That
These---------Those
Yesterday----------The day before/The previous day
Next Week---------The following week
Example:
1.He said, "It has been raining heavily these days"
He said (that) it had been raining heavily those days.
2.They say, "We arrived here by the early bus this morning"
They said (that) they had arrived there by the early bus that morning.
3.The doctor said to her, "You can consult me again next week"
The doctor said to her, she could consult him again the following week.
4.The notice says, "People who smoke here will be fined"
The notice says, People who smoked there would be fined.
5.She is saying, "I'm sure he will arrive tomorrow"
She is saying, she was sure he would arrive the following day.
6.They said to her, "We met your dad here yesterday"
They said to her , they had met her dad there the day before.
7.He said to them, "You broke this bench last week"
He said to them, they had broken that bench the week before.
8.Everyone will say, "We don't like these pictures"
Everyone will say, they didn't like those pictures
9.We said to her, "We believe you will meet him tomorrow"
We said to her, they believe they would meet him the following day.
10. Rina: I'll tell you exactly what happened , Rohit.
Rina said she would tell him exactly what had happened.
He said (that) it had been raining heavily those days.
2.They say, "We arrived here by the early bus this morning"
They said (that) they had arrived there by the early bus that morning.
3.The doctor said to her, "You can consult me again next week"
The doctor said to her, she could consult him again the following week.
4.The notice says, "People who smoke here will be fined"
The notice says, People who smoked there would be fined.
5.She is saying, "I'm sure he will arrive tomorrow"
She is saying, she was sure he would arrive the following day.
6.They said to her, "We met your dad here yesterday"
They said to her , they had met her dad there the day before.
7.He said to them, "You broke this bench last week"
He said to them, they had broken that bench the week before.
8.Everyone will say, "We don't like these pictures"
Everyone will say, they didn't like those pictures
9.We said to her, "We believe you will meet him tomorrow"
We said to her, they believe they would meet him the following day.
10. Rina: I'll tell you exactly what happened , Rohit.
Rina said she would tell him exactly what had happened.
Reporting Questions
When we report what people say, we usually change the tense
of the verbs to reflect that we are reporting - not giving direct speech. With
yes/no question we use if/whether.
Question with a question word
When there is a question word (what, when, why, who, how) we use that question word in the reported question but there is not auxiliary verb and the word order is like an affirmative sentence.
Question with a question word
When there is a question word (what, when, why, who, how) we use that question word in the reported question but there is not auxiliary verb and the word order is like an affirmative sentence.
Example:
1. 1.What are the most interesting sights?
She asked what were the most interesting sights
2.Have you got a town plan?
He asked me if I'd got a town plan.
3.How can I found out about the area?
She asked how she could find out about the area.
4.Are there are guided tours?
He asked if there were guided tours.
5.Where can we stay?
She asked me where they could stay.
6.What shows are there?
He asked me where shows were there.
She asked what were the most interesting sights
2.Have you got a town plan?
He asked me if I'd got a town plan.
3.How can I found out about the area?
She asked how she could find out about the area.
4.Are there are guided tours?
He asked if there were guided tours.
5.Where can we stay?
She asked me where they could stay.
6.What shows are there?
He asked me where shows were there.
UNIT 6
Conditionals
Zero------present
to present
First------Present to future (will, won't)-----unreal
Second------Past simple to would / should or could-----Unreal possibility
First------Present to future (will, won't)-----unreal
Second------Past simple to would / should or could-----Unreal possibility
Example:
1. If I play soccer,
I am happy---------------------------------------Zero
2. If you heat water, it boils------------------------------------------Zero
3. If you turn the doorknob, the door opens---------------------Zero
4. If you study, you will pass the exam----------------------------First
5. If you eat well, you will be able healthy------------------------First
6. If he had a job, he would get money---------------------------Second
7. If he got money, he could stay in school----------------------Second
8. If I could travel back in time, I would go to Paris------------Second
9. If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity--------------Second
10. If I saw an accident, I should call an ambulance----------Second
2. If you heat water, it boils------------------------------------------Zero
3. If you turn the doorknob, the door opens---------------------Zero
4. If you study, you will pass the exam----------------------------First
5. If you eat well, you will be able healthy------------------------First
6. If he had a job, he would get money---------------------------Second
7. If he got money, he could stay in school----------------------Second
8. If I could travel back in time, I would go to Paris------------Second
9. If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity--------------Second
10. If I saw an accident, I should call an ambulance----------Second
Predicting
Wish
&& Hope
Wish- To talk about unreal situations in the present
Person+wish+person+simple past
Hope-To talk about possible things in the future.
Person+hope+person+will/can/present
Wish- To talk about unreal situations in the present
Person+wish+person+simple past
Hope-To talk about possible things in the future.
Person+hope+person+will/can/present
Example:
1. I wish I were in
Hawaii
2. She wishes she worked at the Embassy
3. The students wish they didn't have to take the exam
4. I wish I had my grandparents here
5. I wish they were here
6. We hope you can come to our wedding
7. I hope the weather will get better
8. He wishes he could sleep a lot
9. The dog wishes had a bone to eat
10. He hope he gets a lot of money.
2. She wishes she worked at the Embassy
3. The students wish they didn't have to take the exam
4. I wish I had my grandparents here
5. I wish they were here
6. We hope you can come to our wedding
7. I hope the weather will get better
8. He wishes he could sleep a lot
9. The dog wishes had a bone to eat
10. He hope he gets a lot of money.
